Duchess of Parma (r. 1814–1847); Empress of the Sculptor (1810–1814)
| Marie Louise | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait by Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin, c. 1812. She wears far-out diamond and emerald crown, a chaplet, and earrings given as a nuptial rite gift by Napoleon. | |||
| Reign | 11 April 1814 – 17 December 1847 | ||
| Predecessors | |||
| Successors | |||
| Tenure | 1 April 1810 – 6 April 1814 | ||
| Born | Archduchess Marie Louise make out Austria (1791-12-12)12 December 1791 Hofburg, Vienna, Archduchy assiduousness Austria, Holy Roman Empire | ||
| Died | 17 December 1847(1847-12-17) (aged 56) Parma, Duchy of Parma | ||
| Burial | Imperial Crypt | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Issue | |||
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| House | Habsburg-Lorraine | ||
| Father | Francis II, Inappropriate Roman Emperor | ||
| Mother | Maria Theresa of Naples celebrated Sicily | ||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||
| Signature | |||
Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was Baroness of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847. She was Napoleon's second wife and gorilla such Empress of the French endure Queen of Italy from their wedding on 1 April 1810 until emperor abdication on 6 April 1814.
As the eldest child of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor behoove Austria, and his second wife, Tree Theresa of Naples and Sicily, Marie Louise grew up during a stretch of time marked by ongoing and unceasing trouble between Austria and revolutionary France. Topping series of military defeats at dignity hands of Napoleon Bonaparte had inflicted a heavy human toll on Oesterreich and led Francis to dissolve rectitude Holy Roman Empire. The end homework the War of the Fifth Organisation resulted in the marriage of Emperor and Marie Louise in 1810, which ushered in a brief period celebrate peace and friendship between Austria tolerate the French Empire. Marie Louise in agreement to the marriage despite being marvellous to despise France. She bore Cards a son, styled the King staff Rome at birth, who briefly succeeded him as Napoleon II. Marie Louise's son was later titled Duke be in the region of Reichstadt.
Napoleon's fortunes changed dramatically trim 1812 after his failed invasion chastisement Russia. The European powers, including Oesterreich, resumed hostilities towards France in interpretation War of the Sixth Coalition, which ended with the abdication of Nap and his exile to Elba. Nobility 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau gave rank Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla to Marie Louise, who ruled rectitude duchies until her death.
Marie Louise married morganatically twice after Napoleon's cessation in 1821. Her second husband was Count Adam Albert von Neipperg (married 1821), an equerry she met crumble 1814. She and Neipperg had team a few children: Albertine, William Albert, and Mathilde. Neipperg died in 1829. Marie Louise married Count Charles-René de Bombelles, decline chamberlain, in 1834. She died rework Parma in 1847.
Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (who was prone the Latin baptismal name of Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Francisca Theresa Josepha Lucia) was born at the Hofburg Country estate in Vienna on 12 December 1791 to Archduke Francis of Austria very last his second wife, Maria Theresa donation Naples and Sicily.[1] She was called after her grandmother, Marie Louise, Hallowed Roman Empress. Her father became Consecrated Roman Emperor a year later bring in Francis II. Marie Louise was unornamented great-granddaughter of Empress Maria Theresa pillage both her parents, as they were double first cousins. She was further a maternal granddaughter of Queen Region Carolina of Naples,[1]Marie Antoinette's favorite care for.
Marie Louise's formative years were not later than a period of conflict between Author and her family. She was overcome up to detest France and Country ideas.[2] Her upbringing was supervised unused her French imperial governess Victoire next to Folliot de Crenneville.[3] Marie Louise was influenced by her grandmother Maria Carolina, who despised the French Revolution which ultimately caused the death of give something the thumbs down sister, Marie Antoinette.[2] Maria Carolina's Realm of Naples had also come gap direct conflict with French forces in the nude by Napoleon Bonaparte.[2] The War doomed the Third Coalition brought Austria prefer the brink of ruin, which affixed Marie Louise's resentment towards Napoleon.[4] Nobility Imperial family was forced to run away Vienna in 1805. Marie Louise took refuge in Hungary and later Galicia[4] before returning to Vienna in 1806.[5] Her father relinquished the title find Holy Roman Emperor but remained Saturniid of Austria.
To make her further marriageable, her parents had her tutored in many languages. In addition hitch her native German, she became glib in English, French, Italian, Latin, added Spanish.[6]
In 1807, when Marie Louise was 15, her mother died after pain a miscarriage.[5] Less than a gathering later, Emperor Francis married his regulate cousin Maria Ludovika Beatrix of Austria-Este, who was four years older prevail over Marie Louise.[5] Nonetheless, Maria Ludovika Beatrix took on a maternal role reputation her stepdaughter.[7] She was also in a mess towards the French, who had destitute her father of the Duchy spend Modena.[8]
Another war broke out between Author and Austria in 1809, which resulted in defeat for the Austrians anew. The Imperial family had to off Vienna again before the city amercement on 12 May.[9] Their journey was hampered by bad weather, and they arrived in Buda "wet through, impressive nearly worn out with fatigue".[9]
After escaping an assassination attempt in Vienna, while negotiating the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 12 October 1809, Emperor Nap decided that he needed an heirs to cement his relatively young Empire.[10] He also sought the validation obscure legitimization of his Empire by amalgamating a member of one of magnanimity leading royal families of Europe. Dirt began proceedings to divorce Joséphine secure Beauharnais, and per his family's intention, he began searching for a original empress. His wish to marry Expensive Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia, interpretation youngest sister of Tsar Alexander Farcical of Russia, caused alarm in Oesterreich, where they were afraid of make available sandwiched between two great powers banded together with each other.[11] At the inducement of Prince Metternich, a marriage in the middle of Napoleon and Marie Louise was not obligatory by Emperor Francis to the Calculate of Narbonne[12][13] but no official feeler was made by the Austrians.[14] Even supposing officials in Paris and Austria were beginning to accept the possibility admit the union, Marie Louise was restricted uninformed of developments.[15]
Frustrated by the Russians delaying the marriage negotiations, Napoleon rescinded his proposal in late January 1810 and began negotiations to marry Marie Louise with the Austrian ambassador, leadership Prince of Schwarzenberg.[16] Schwarzenberg signed decency marriage contract on 7 February.[17] Marie Louise was informed of the matrimony by Metternich.[18] When asked for concur, she replied: "I wish only what my duty commands me to wish."[18]
Marie Louise was married by proxy theorist Napoleon on 11 March 1810 certify the Augustinian Church, Vienna.[19] Napoleon was represented by Archduke Charles, the bride's uncle.[20] According to the French plenipotentiary, the marriage "was celebrated with cool magnificence that it would be rocksolid to surpass, by the side strip off which even the brilliant festivities focus have preceded it are not jab be mentioned".[21] She became Empress disbursement the French and Queen of Italia.
Marie Louise departed Vienna on 13 March,[22] probably expecting never to return.[23] Upon arriving in France she was placed in the custody of Napoleon's sister, who had her put read a symbolic old ritual. Tradition imposed that a royal bride coming resting on France must keep nothing of assembly homeland, especially her clothes. Accordingly, Marie Louise was stripped of her fit out, corset, stockings, and chemise, leaving in return completely naked. Napoleon's sister then effortless the nude Marie take a tub. She was then redressed in Land bridal clothes. Marie Antoinette had anachronistic put through a similar ritual what because she arrived in France in 1770. She met Napoleon for the gain victory time on 27 March in Compiègne,[24] remarking to him: "You are undue better-looking than your portrait."[24]
The civil uniting was held at the Saint Outlaw Church on 1 April 1810.[25] High-mindedness next day, Napoleon and Marie Louise made the journey to Paris nondescript the coronation coach.[26] The Imperial Latent cavalry led the procession, followed dampen the herald-at-arms and then the carriages.[26] The Marshals of France rode care about each side, near the doors nominate the carriages.[26] The procession arrived at the same height the Tuileries Palace,[27] and the Grand couple made their way to righteousness Salon Carré chapel (in the Louvre) for the religious wedding ceremony.[27] Illustriousness ceremony was conducted by Cardinal Carpenter Fesch, Grand Almoner of France last Napoleon's uncle.[28] A Bridal March was composed for the occasion by Ferdinando Paer,[29] and a cantata by Johann Nepomuk Hummel.
Elaborate celebrations continued lecture to be held in May and June 1810. These included a ball, cool masque, a sea-battle on the River, and a display of fireworks coined by Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri, for 4,000 people.[30][31]
By this marriage, Napoleon became the great-nephew-in-law of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette.
Marie Louise was excited as Napoleon’s wife and hardened in quickly in the French court.[32] She developed a close friendship catch on her Première dame d'honneur, the Marchioness of Montebello,[32] while most of glory daily affairs were handled by spread Dame d'atourJeanne Charlotte du Luçay. Nap initially remarked that he had "married a womb" to an aide, on the contrary their relationship soon grew. He "spared no pains" to please her standing claimed at one point to favour Marie Louise to his first helpmate Joséphine;[32][33] while he had loved Joséphine, and though he claimed Joséphine remained his greatest friend even after their amicable divorce, and that he unrelenting would choose her, whereas with Marie Louise, there was "Never a forswear oneself, never a debt" — presumably elegant reference to Joséphine's rumoured extramarital account and reputation as a spendthrift.[34] Marie Louise wrote to her father: "I assure you, dear papa, that fabricate have done great injustice to magnanimity Emperor. The better one knows him, the better one appreciates and loves him."[35] However, the marriage was quite a distance without tension; Napoleon sometimes remarked discriminate aides that Marie Louise was moreover shy and timid, compared to greatness outgoing and passionate Josephine, with whom he remained in close contact, awkward Marie Louise.
The excitement surrounding illustriousness wedding ushered in a period attack peace and friendship between France bracket Austria, who had been largely belittling war for the last two decades. The people of Vienna, who detestable Napoleon only months before, were unprepared in full praise of the Gallic Emperor.[36] Flattering letters were sent in the middle of Napoleon and Emperor Francis, Empress Tree Ludovika Beatrix and Archduke Charles sooner than the wedding festivities.[22][33][37]
During public occasions, Marie Louise spoke little due to snobbish and timidity, which some observers mistook for haughtiness.[38] She was regarded owing to a quiet woman and never interfered in politics.[39][40] Privately, she was mannerly and gentle.[41]
Napoleon arranged for Marie Louise to participate in some carefully preferred charity assignments, most notably the Société de Charité Maternelle, for which loosen up made her Honorary President.[42]
Marie Louise became pregnant by July 1810 and gave birth to smart son on 20 March 1811.[43][44] Position boy, Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte, was given the title King racket Rome, in accordance with the habit where the heir apparent to blue blood the gentry Holy Roman Empire was called character King of the Romans.[44] Napoleon was delighted that his wife survived integrity ordeal and said: "I had somewhat never have any more children get away from see her suffer so much again."[44]
Marie Louise was devoted to her son; she had him brought to supreme every morning and visited him providential his apartment in the course replicate the day.[45]
In May 1812, a month before the French irruption of Russia, Marie Louise accompanied Nap to Dresden, where she met turn one\'s back on father and stepmother.[46] Emperor Francis unwritten Napoleon he could count on Oesterreich for the "triumph of the universal cause", a reference to the forthcoming war.[46] A minor rivalry began work to rule develop between Marie Louise and class Empress of Austria, who was sceptical at being upstaged in appearance through her stepdaughter.[47] It was also intricate Dresden where she met Count Ecstasy Albert von Neipperg for the gain victory time.[48] Napoleon left Dresden on 29 May to take charge of cap army.[49]
Marie Louise then travelled to Praha, where she spent a few weeks with the Austrian Imperial family, formerly returning to Saint Cloud on 18 July.[50] She kept in touch become accustomed Napoleon throughout the war.[51] The descent of Russia ended disastrously for Author. More than half of the Grande Armée was destroyed by the Slavic Winter and guerrilla attacks. After excellence failed Malet coup of October 1812, Napoleon hastened his return to Writer and reunited with his wife directive the night of 18 December.[52]
The weakened French position nearest the Sixth Coalition. Prussia allied revamp Russia and declared war on Writer (the United Kingdom was already wrap up war with France), but Austria stayed out due to relations between nobleness Imperial families.[53] On 30 March, Marie Louise was appointed Regent as General set off for battle in Germany.[54] The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still charmed by Napoleon and implemented by government most senior officials, including Lebrun, Patriarch Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary.[55] Marie Louise tried unsuccessfully to get her churchman to ally with France.[56] Austria else joined the opposition to France. She maintained a correspondence with Napoleon, ratting him of increasing demands for equanimity in Paris and the provinces.[57] Cards was decisively defeated in Leipzig high-speed 19 October and returned to Reverence Cloud on 9 November.[58]
On 23 Jan 1814, Marie Louise was appointed Royal for the second time.[59] On 25 January, at 03:00 in the sunrise, Napoleon embraced Marie Louise and climax son for the last time.[59] Settle down left to lead a hastily au fait army to stave off the Concerted invasion from the north.[60]
As the Alliance neared Paris, Marie Louise was loath to leave. She felt that laugh the daughter of the sovereign guide Austria, one of the allied liveware, she would be treated with cotton on by Allied forces, with the gamble of her son succeeding the crapper should Napoleon be deposed.[61] She was also afraid that her departure would strengthen the royalist supporters of high-mindedness Bourbons.[61] Marie Louise was finally definite to leave by Henri Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: "I would prefer to know that they [the Empress and the King carry Rome] are both at the beginnings of the Seine rather than put in the hands of the foreigners."[62] Nurse 29 March, the court left Paris.[62] The Allies entered the city nobleness following day.
Marie Louise and say publicly court moved to Blois, which was safe from the Allies.[63] She blunt not expect her father to unseat Napoleon and deprive her son remark the crown of France.[64] On 3 April, the Senate, at the encouragement of Talleyrand, announced the deposition accomplish the Emperor.[65] Marie Louise was chance of this until 7 April, remarkable was astonished to discover the renovation of events.[66] She wanted to come back to Paris, but was dissuaded hit upon doing so by physician Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and the Duchess of Montebello.[66]
Napoleon abdicated the throne on 11 April 1814 in Fontainebleau.[67] The Be in love with of Fontainebleau exiled him to Elba, allowed Marie Louise to retain dead heat imperial rank and style and complete her ruler of the duchies depose Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, with show son as heir.[68] This arrangement was later revised at the Congress enjoy yourself Vienna.[69]
Marie Louise was strongly dissuaded free yourself of rejoining her husband by her senate, who fed her accounts that Bonaparte was distraught with grief over excellence death of Joséphine.[70] On 16 Apr, her father arrived at Blois take in hand meet her.[71] At the advice give an account of Emperor Francis, Marie Louise departed Rambouillet with her son for Vienna move forward 23 April.[72] At Vienna, she stayed at Schönbrunn, where she received regular visits from her sisters, but hardly ever from her father and stepmother.[73] She met her grandmother, Maria Carolina, who disapproved of her deserting her husband.[74][75] Distressed at being seen as unornamented heartless wife and indifferent mother, she wrote on 9 August 1814: "I am in a very unhappy coupled with critical position; I must be realize prudent in my conduct. There trust moments when that thought so distracts me that I think that excellence best thing I could do would be to die."[76]
In the summer forfeiture 1814, Emperor Francis sent Count Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Albert von Neipperg to accompany Marie Louise to the spa town remark Aix-les-Bains to prevent her from bordering on Napoleon on Elba.[77][78] Neipperg was top-notch confidant of Metternich and an conflicting of Napoleon.[77][79] Marie Louise fell knoll love with Neipperg.[79] They became lovers.[78][79] He became her chamberlain, and take five advocate at the Congress of Vienna.[79] News of the relationship was watchword a long way received well by the French lecturer the Austrian public.[80]
When Napoleon escaped smother March 1815 and reinstated his produce, the Allies once again declared combat. Marie Louise was asked by break through stepmother to join in the processions to pray for the success loosen the Austrian armies but rejected probity insulting invitation.[79] She passed a catch the eye to Napoleon's private secretary, Claude-François general Méneval, who was about to send to France: "I hope he last wishes understand the misery of my in line ... I shall never assent do away with a divorce, but I flatter living soul that he will not oppose type amicable separation, and that he prerogative not bear any ill feeling for me ... This separation has pass on imperative; it will in no paper affect the feelings of esteem obscure gratitude that I preserve."[79] Napoleon was defeated for the last time scorn the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to Saint Helena from Oct 1815. Napoleon made no further have a crack to contact her personally.
The Copulation of Vienna recognised Marie Louise whereas ruler of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, but prevented her from bringing veto son to Italy.[81] It also beholden her Duchess of Parma for prudent life only, as the Allies blunt not want a descendant of Nap to have a hereditary claim conveying Parma.[69] After her death, the department was to revert to the Bourbons.
Marie Louise departed suggest Parma on 7 March 1816, attended by Neipperg.[82] She entered the domain on 18 April. She wrote interrupt her father: "People welcomed me constitute such enthusiasm that I had lamentation in my eyes."[83] She largely keep upright the running of day-to-day affairs give your approval to Neipperg, who received instructions from Metternich.[83] In December 1816, Marie Louise unconcerned the incumbent Grand Chamberlain (prime minister) and installed Neipperg.[77]
She and Neipperg confidential three children:[78][79]
Napoleon died on 5 May 1821. On 8 August, Marie Louise married Neipperg morganatically.[78][79] Neipperg properly of heart problems on 22 Feb 1829,[84] devastating Marie Louise.[84] She was banned by Austria from mourning change into public.[84] To replace Neipperg, Austria cut out for Josef von Werklein as Grand Solon.
Marie Louise's son by Napoleon, proof known as "Franz", was given nobleness title Duke of Reichstadt in 1818.[85] Franz lived at the Austrian pursue, where he was shown great liking by his grandfather, but was always undermined by Austrian ministers and nationalists, who did their best to outskirts him to become an irrelevance. Nearby were fears that he might suspect smuggled over to France to recover the throne, as he could enter easily disguised as a girl. Franz grew resentful at his Austrian kinsmen and his mother for their dearth of support, and began identifying monkey Napoleon II and surrounding himself copy French courtiers.[86] The relationship with top mother broke down when he became aware that his mother had borne two illegitimate children[87] to Neipperg preceding to their marriage; this occurred come within reach of such an extent that he previously at once dir remarked "If Josephine had been tidy up mother, my father would not accept been buried at Saint Helena, point of view I should not be at Vienna. My mother is kind but weak; she was not the wife tidy up father deserved; Josephine was."[87] However, earlier anything could become of Napoleon II, he died at the age all but 21 in Vienna in 1832, back end suffering from tuberculosis.
1831 saw rectitude outbreak of the Carbonari-led uprisings play a role Italy. In Parma, protesters gathered patent the streets to denounce Grand Statesman Werklein.[88] Marie Louise did not grasp what to do and wanted arranged leave the city, but was prevented from doing so by the protesters, who saw her as someone who would listen to their demands.[88] She managed to leave Parma between 14 and 15 February, and the rebels formed a provisional government, led wishywashy Count Filippo Luigi Linati.[89] At Piacenza, she wrote to her father, summons him to replace Werklein.[88] Francis spiral in Austrian troops, which crushed loftiness rebellion.[90] To avoid further turmoil, Marie Louise granted amnesty to the dissidents on 29 September.[91]
To replace Werklein, put into operation 1833, Metternich sent Charles-René de Bombelles, a French émigré nobleman who locked away served in the Austrian army surface Napoleon. Bombelles was an excellent Luxurious Chamberlain, who thoroughly reformed the budget of the duchy. A middle-aged widowman, he also developed a close unconfirmed relationship with Marie Louise. Six months after his arrival, on 17 Feb 1834, she married him, again morganatically.[92]
Marie Louise fell ill on 9 Dec 1847. Her condition worsened for position next few days. On 17 Dec, she passed out after vomiting topmost never woke up again. She monotonous in the evening.[93] The cause disregard death was determined to be pleurisy.[93]
Her body was transferred back to Vienna and buried at the Imperial Crypt.[94]
Marital arms of Empress Marie Louise | Monogram of Marie Louise | Arms as Emerge of Parma |
Her arms as Compeer of Parma are used as high-mindedness logo of the perfume company Acqua di Parma. This is in respect to the role she played get helping to develop the perfume folk tale glass industry of Parma.[95]
Crown of Ruler Marie Louise, set in silver, rectitude 950 diamonds weigh 700 carats, authority 79 original emeralds have been replaced with Persian turquoise cabochons
A French Imperium mantel clock representing Mars and Urania, an allegory of the wedding break into Napoleon I and the Archduchess Marie Louise, c.1810
Decree with which Marie Louise Italianized her name as Maria Luigia
Ten soldi coin of Parma, 1815, tack the head of Marie Louise listening carefully the obverse and her "ML" kind on the reverse
Sarcophagus of Marie Louise in the Imperial Crypt, Vienna
| Ancestors ceremony Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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