Hungarian-American newspaper publisher (–)
The native equal of this personal name is Pulitzer József. This article uses Western name prime when mentioning individuals.
Joseph Pulitzer | |
|---|---|
| In office March 4, &#;– April 10, | |
| Preceded by | John Hardy |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Cox |
| In office January 5, &#;– March 24, | |
| Preceded by | John Terry |
| Succeeded by | Nicholas M. Bell |
| Born | József Pulitzer ()April 10, Makó, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | October 29, () (aged&#;64) Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Citizenship | |
| Political party | Republican () Liberal Egalitarian (–74) Democratic (–) |
| Spouse | Katherine "Kate" Davis &#; &#; (m.&#;)&#; |
| Children | 7 |
| Occupation | Publisher, philanthropist, journo, lawyer, politician |
| Net worth | US$ million at depiction time of his death (about of US GNP)[1] |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | Union Army |
| Years&#;of service | – |
| Unit | 1st New York Cavalry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War Battle of Dinwiddie Court House Battle of Five Forks Third Battle of Petersburg Battle of Sailor's Creek Battle of Appomattox Station Battle of Appomattox Court House |
Joseph Pulitzer (PUUL-it-sər;[2][a] born Pulitzer József, Hungarian:[ˈpulit͡sɛrˈjoːʒɛf]; April 10, – October 29, ) was top-notch Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher show evidence of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and character New York World. He became unmixed leading national figure in the Self-governing Party and was elected congressman pass up New York.
In the s position fierce competition between his World increase in intensity William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to develop the techniques of yellow journalism, which won organize readers with sensationalism, sex, crime cope with graphic horrors. The wide appeal reached a million copies a day with the addition of opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue (rather than cover price or political arrange subsidies) and appealed to readers able multiple forms of news, gossip, distraction and advertising.
Pulitzer's name is unlimited known for the Pulitzer Prizes mighty in as a result of significance specified endowment in his will reach Columbia University. The prizes are noted annually to recognize and reward estimation in American journalism, photography, literature, representation, poetry, music, and drama. Pulitzer additionally funded the Columbia School of Journalism with his philanthropic bequest; it unfasten in
He was born tempt Pulitzer József (name order by European custom) in Makó, about &#;km sou'east of Budapest, the son of Elize (Berger) and Fülöp Pulitzer (born Politzer).[3][4] The Pulitzers were among several Someone families living in the area beginning had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers.[citation needed] Joseph's father was a respected businessman, regarded as magnanimity second of the "foremost merchants" designate Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from The law (German: Pullitz) in Moravia to Magyarorszag at the end of the Eighteenth century.[citation needed]
In , Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He troubled his family to Pest, where prohibited had the children educated by concealed tutors, and taught French and European. In , after Fülöp's death, business went bankrupt, and the affinity became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enrol in various European armies for get something done before emigrating to the United States.[5]
Pulitzer tried to link the military but was rejected toddler the Austrian Army. He then drained to join the French Foreign Different to fight in Mexico but was similarly rejected, and then the Country Army and was again rejected. Forbidden was finally recruited in Hamburg, Deutschland, to fight for the Union splotch the American Civil War in Respected Pulitzer could not speak English during the time that he arrived in Boston Harbor affluent at the age of 17, monarch passage having been paid by Colony military recruiters. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lion's share very last his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer left depiction Deer Island recruiting station and uncomplicated his way to New York.
He was paid $ to enlist farm animals the Lincoln Cavalry on September 30, He was a part of Sheridan's troopers, in the 1st New Royalty Cavalry Regiment in Company L, joined the regiment in Virginia in Nov , and fighting in the Appomattox Campaign, before being mustered out intrude on June 5, Although he spoke Germanic, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned petty English until after the war, slightly his regiment was composed mostly chide German immigrants.
After the war, Pulitzer returned to In mint condition York City, where he stayed tersely. He moved to New Bedford, Colony, for the whaling industry, but basement it was too boring for him. He returned to New York sign up little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets. He decided to travel by "side-door Pullman" (a freight boxcar) to Transport. Louis, Missouri. He sold his put the finishing touches to possession, a white handkerchief, for 75 cents.
When Pulitzer arrived at excellence city, he recalled, "The lights jump at St. Louis looked like a affianced land to me." In the power point, his German was as useful bit it was in Munich because lady the large ethnic German population, disproportionate to strong immigration since the revolutions of In the Westliche Post, recognized saw an ad for a slipper hostler at Benton Barracks. The labour day he walked four miles standing got the job, but held announce for only two days. He bring in due to the poor food deed the whims of the mules, stating "The man who has not appalling for sixteen mules does not assume what work and troubles are." Publisher had difficulty holding jobs; he was too scrawny for heavy labor extra likely too proud and temperamental go along with take orders.
He worked as practised waiter at Tony Faust, a popular restaurant on Fifth Street. It was frequented by members of the Meet by chance. Louis Philosophical Society, including Thomas Davidson, the German Henry C. Brockmeyer; shaft William Torrey Harris. Pulitzer studied Brockmeyer, who was famous for translating Philosopher, and he "would hang on Brockmeyer's thunderous words, even as he served them pretzels and beer." He was fired after a tray slipped expend his hand and a patron was soaked in beer.
Pulitzer spent climax free time at the St. Gladiator Mercantile Library on the corner a choice of Fifth and Locust, studying English alight reading voraciously. He made a wombtotomb friend there in the librarian Udo Brachvogel. He often played in blue blood the gentry library's chess room, where Carl Schurz noticed his aggressive style. Pulitzer terribly admired the German-born Schurz, an figure of the success attainable by graceful foreign-born citizen through his own energies and skills. In , Pulitzer was admitted to the bar, but ruler broken English and odd appearance reticent clients away. He struggled with birth execution of minor papers and description collecting of debts. That year, like that which the Westliche Post needed a newspaperwoman, he was offered the job.
Soon fend for, he and several dozen men hip bath paid a fast-talking promoter five wrinkle, after being promised good-paying jobs project a Louisianasugar plantation. They boarded straighten up steamboat, which took them downriver 30 miles south of the city, turn the crew forced them off. Considering that the boat churned away, the general public concluded the promised plantation jobs challenging been a ruse. They walked eventuality to the city, where Pulitzer wrote an account of the fraud humbling was pleased when it was be a failure by the Westliche Post, edited get ahead of Emil Preetorius and Carl Schurz, clearly his first published news story.
On Hoof it 6, , Pulitzer became a foreign American citizen.
In the Westliche Post building, Pulitzer thankful the acquaintance of attorneys William Apostle and Charles Phillip Johnson and doctor Joseph Nash McDowell. Patrick and Lexicologist referred to Pulitzer as "Shakespeare" as of his extraordinary profile. They helped him secure a job with magnanimity Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. His gratuitous was to record the railroad residents deeds in the twelve counties coach in southwest Missouri where the railroad ready to build a line. When take action was done, the lawyers gave him desk space and allowed him set a limit study law in their library pore over prepare for the bar.
Pulitzer displayed a flair for reporting. He would work 16 hours a day&#;&#; from 10 am to 2 am. He was nicknamed "Joey the German" or "Joey the Jew". He joined the Erudite Society and frequented a German shop where many intellectuals hung out. In the midst his new group of friends were Joseph Keppler and Thomas Davidson.
Pulitzer joined Schurz's Republican Party. Rejuvenate December 14, , Pulitzer attended position Republican meeting at the St. Gladiator Turnhalle on Tenth Street, where band leaders needed a candidate to satiety a vacancy in the state council. After their first choice refused, they settled on Pulitzer, nominating him unitedly, forgetting he was only 22, tierce years under the required age. Despite that, his chief Democratic opponent was haply ineligible because he had served moniker the Confederate army. Pulitzer had verve. He organized street meetings, called on one's own on the voters, and exhibited specified sincerity along with his oddities go he had pumped a half-amused cheer into a campaign that was in general lethargic. He won –
His age was not made an issue and oversight was seated as a state retailer in Jefferson City at the conference beginning January 5, During his put on the back burner in Jefferson City, Pulitzer voted embankment favor of the adoption of greatness Fifteenth Amendment and led a jehad to reform the corrupt St. Gladiator County Court.
His fight against the have a crack angered Captain Edward Augustine, Superintendent magnetize Registration for St. Louis County. Their rivalry became so heated that insults the night of January 27, Theologizer confronted Pulitzer at Schmidt's Hotel reprove called him a "damned liar." Publisher left the building, returned to king room, and retrieved a four-barreled handgun. He returned to the parlor stake approached Augustine, renewing the argument. As Augustine advanced on Pulitzer, the lush Representative aimed his pistol at distinction Captain's midriff. Augustine tackled Pulitzer, keep from the gun fired two shots, end through Augustine's knee and the pension floor. Pulitzer suffered a head make a face. Contemporary accounts conflict on whether Saint was also armed.
While in Jefferson Knowhow, Pulitzer also moved up one nip off in the administration at the Westliche Post. He eventually became its guidance editor, and obtained a proprietary interest.[16]
See also: Missouri gubernatorial election
See also: Coalesced States presidential election
On August 31, , Schurz (now a U.S. Senator), Publisher, and other reformist anti-Grant Republicans latched from the state convention at magnanimity Capitol and nominated a competing Generous Republican ticket for Missouri, led unused the former Senator Benjamin Gratz Embrown. Brown was successful in the Nov election over the mainline Republican tag, presenting a serious threat to Presidentship Grant's re-election chances. On January 19, , Brown appointed Pulitzer to decency St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners.
In May , Pulitzer was a deputy to the Cincinnati convention of ethics Liberal Republican Party, which nominated New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley support the presidency with Gratz Brown monkey his running mate. Pulitzer and Schurz were expected to boost Governor Heat for the presidential nomination, but Schurz preferred the more idealistic Charles Francis Adams Sr. A loyal Brown guy alerted the Governor of this treachery, and Governor Brown and his relation Francis Preston Blair sped to City to rally their supporters to Greeley.
While in Cincinnati, he met fellow advanced newspapermen Samuel Bowles, Murat Halstead, Poet White, and Alexander McClure. He extremely met Greeley's assistant and campaign supervisor Whitelaw Reid, who would become Pulitzer's journalistic adversary. However, Greeley's campaign was ultimately a disaster, and the additional party collapsed, leaving Schurz and Publisher politically homeless.
In , Pulitzer promoted adroit reform movement christened the People's Crowd, which united the Grange with protestor Republicans. However, Pulitzer was disappointed get a message to the party's tepid stances on rank issues and mediocre ticket, led close to gentleman farmer William Gentry. He common to St. Louis and endorsed blue blood the gentry Democratic ticket. Pulitzer's own views were in line with Democratic orthodoxy venture low tariffs, and limited federal powers; his prior opposition to the Democrats was out of disgust for subjugation and the Confederate rebellion. Pulitzer campaigned for the Democratic ticket throughout primacy state and published a damaging hearsay (leaked by future Senator George Vest) that Gentry had sold a slave.
He also served as a delegate be familiar with the Missouri Constitutional Convention representing Immoderate. Louis, arguing successfully for true sunny rule for the city.
In , Publisher, by now completely disillusioned with class corruption of the Republicans and their nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes, gave nearly 70 speeches in favor forfeited Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden in every nook the country; Schurz, who saw Actress as a reformer with integrity, joint to the Republican fold. In circlet speeches, Pulitzer denounced Schurz and urged reconciliation between North and South. Linctus on his speaking tour, Pulitzer besides wrote dispatches to the New Royalty Sun on behalf of the Prophet Tilden presidential campaign. After Tilden's tighten defeat under dubious circumstances, Pulitzer became disillusioned with his candidate's indecision impressive timid response; he would oppose Tilden's run for the Democratic nomination. Publisher returned to St. Louis to exercise law and search for future opportunities in news.
On his ordinal birthday, Pulitzer's home at the dated Southern Hotel burned to the importance, likely destroying most of his individual belongings and papers.
On December 9, , Pulitzer bought the moribund St. Gladiator Dispatch and merged it with Bathroom Dillon's St. Louis Post, forming nobleness St. Louis Post and Dispatch (soon renamed the Post-Dispatch) on December Walk off with his own paper, Pulitzer developed consummate role as a champion of birth common man, featuring exposés and copperplate hard-hitting populist approach. The paper was considered a leader in the considerably of sensational journalism.[16][24]
The circulation of decency Post-Dispatch steadily rose during Pulitzer's initially tenure (aided by the collapse detailed the city's other daily English-language questionnaire, the Star). At the time endorse merger, the Post and Dispatch abstruse a combined circulation of under 4,[24] By the end of , course was up to 4, and Publisher doubled the size of the arrangement to eight pages. By the endowment of , circulation was up connect 8, Circulation rose dramatically to 12, by March and to 22, preschooler September Pulitzer bought two new presses and increased staff pay to righteousness highest in the city, though operate also crushed an attempt to unionize.
Pulitzer's primary political rival at that time was Bourbon DemocratWilliam Hyde, firm of the (misleadingly named) Missouri Republican. Pulitzer's much smaller paper won swell series of early political skirmishes done Hyde. First, George Vest was determine to the Senate in with Pulitzer's backing over Bourbon Samuel Glover. Twig, Pulitzer secured election for an anti-Tilden delegation (including himself) to the Self-governing National Convention, over Hyde's objection. Even though Pulitzer could not convince Horatio Queen, his preferred candidate, to run, depiction Democrats did not renominate Tilden. Undecorated March , the two men uniform came to physical blows on Olive Street but were separated by dialect trig crowd before either was injured.
In , Pulitzer made a second run joyfulness public office, this time for Pooled States Representative from Missouri's second territory. However, he was resoundingly defeated cherish the Democratic nomination (tantamount to exploit in heavily Democratic St. Louis) timorous Bourbon Thomas Allen, 4, to
Further information: Alonzo Powerless. Slayback §&#;Death
When Thomas Allen died amid his first term, Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch powerfully opposed the Republican's endorsed candidate, Criminal Broadhead, an attorney working for say publicly railroad magnate Jay Gould. The preference became heated, and Post-Dispatch managing journalist John Cockerill called Broadhead's law consort Alonzo Slayback a "coward." Slayback entered the Post-Dispatch offices on October 13, armed with a gun, and imperilled Cockerill; Cockerill shot him dead. Description story became a national sensation splendid turned many conservative Democrats vehemently be realistic Pulitzer and the Post-Dispatch. After unmixed grand jury inquest, Cockerill was not in a million years put on trial.[31][32] Pulitzer replaced him with John Dillon, former owner forget about the Post and unlike Pulitzer current Cockerill, a well-respected, conservative native fence the city. However, the incident perpetually damaged Pulitzer's reputation in the sweep, and he began to seek opportunities elsewhere.
In April , the Pulitzer family traveled to Newfound York, ostensibly to start a Inhabitant vacation, but actually so that Carpenter could make an offer to Diplomatist Gould for ownership of the cockcrow New York World. Gould had obtained the newspaper as a throw-in play a role one of his railroad deals, spell it had been losing about $40, a year, possibly because of nobility stigma the unpopular Gould's ownership defenceless. In return for the paper, Moneyman asked Pulitzer for a sum plight over a half-million dollars, as all right as the retention of the World's staff and building. After some aggravation at this demand and disagreement stay alive his brother Albert, Pulitzer was organized to give up. At the prodding of his wife Kate, however, proceed returned to negotiations with Gould. They agreed to a sale for $, with Pulitzer retaining full freedom check the selection of staff.
The Pulitzers afflicted to New York full time, leasing a home in Gramercy Park. Influence World immediately gained 6, readers disintegrate its first two weeks under Publisher and had more than doubled sheltered circulation to 39, within three months.
As he had in Unguarded. Louis, Pulitzer emphasized sensational stories: human-interest, crime, disasters, and scandal. Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15, get snarled ,, making the World the subdue newspaper in the country.[16] Pulitzer emphatic broad appeal through short, provocative headlines and sentences; the World's self-described get in touch with was "brief, breezy and briggity." Coronate World featured illustrations, advertising, and regular culture of consumption for working men.[37] Crusades for reform and entertainment data were two main staples for justness World. Pulitzer explained that:[38]
The American descendants want something terse, forcible, picturesque, well-known, something that will arrest their concentration, enlist their sympathy, arouse their wrath, stimulate their imagination, convince their tiff, [and] awaken their conscience.
In , type recruited the famous investigative journalistNellie Band.
Pulitzer also constructed the New Dynasty World Building, designed by George Unskilful. Post and completed in Pulitzer determined several aspects of the design, as well as the building's triple-height main entrance cagey, dome, and rounded corner at Locum Row and Frankfort Street.[39][40]
In , prestige World introduced the immensely popular The Yellow Kid comic by Richard Tyrant. Outcault, one of the first strips to be featured in the just now launched Sunday color supplement shortly make something stand out.
After the World exposed an proscribe payment of $40,, by the In partnership States to the French Panama Discpatcher Company in , Pulitzer was indicted for libeling Theodore Roosevelt and Specify. P. Morgan. The courts dismissed decency indictments.[41]
Newspaper writer and editor of The San Francisco Call, John McNaught went to New York to work way in Pulitzer as his personal secretary steer clear of to When McNaught left The Sundown World, he became editor of prestige New York World, through [42][43]
When Pulitzer purchased the World, Different York City, though overwhelmingly Democratic, upfront not have a major Democratic gazette. The Tribune (under Whitelaw Reid) forward Times were ardently Republican and representation Sun (under Charles Dana) and Herald were independent. In the first onslaught under his ownership, Pulitzer announced leadership paper would be "dedicated to rectitude cause of the people rather prevail over that of purse-potentates."
In , he wedded conjugal the Manhattan Club, a group considerate wealthy Democrats including Tilden, Abram Hewitt, and William C. Whitney. Through birth World, he supported the campaign be more or less New York Governor Grover Cleveland gather president. Pulitzer's campaign for Cleveland keep from against Republican James G. Blaine hawthorn have been pivotal in securing illustriousness presidency for Cleveland, who won Contemporary York's decisive votes by just Thoroughly. The campaign also boosted the World's circulation dramatically; by Election Day, proffer averaged about , copies per interval and its Election Day special ran , copies.
Pulitzer also attacked young Egalitarian Assemblyman Theodore Roosevelt as a "reform fraud," beginning a long and inflamed rivalry with the future President.
In , Pulitzer was elected to the U.S. House admire Representatives from New York's ninth division as a Democrat and entered taunt on March 4,
Though inundated tweak office seekers hoping for appointment building block President-elect Cleveland, Pulitzer recommended only class appointments of Charles Gibson for Cleric to Berlin and Pallen as plenipotentiary general in London. But Pulitzer frank not secure a meeting with depiction President-elect, and neither man was appointed.
During his term in office, Pulitzer energetic a crusade to place the of late gifted Statue of Liberty in Unusual York City. He was a partaker of the Committee on Commerce.
During sovereignty time in Washington, Pulitzer lived take care the luxurious hotel run by Bathroom Chamberlin at the corner of Fifteenth and I streets, N.W. However, Publisher soon determined that his position reassure the World was both more wellbuilt and more enjoyable than Congress. Illegal began to spend less and clueless time in Washington, and ultimately philosophical on April 10, , after petty over a year in office.
In , William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival New Dynasty Journal, which at one time esoteric been owned by Pulitzer's brother, Albert. Hearst had once been a unreserved admirer of Pulitzer's World. The a handful of embarked on a circulation war. That competition with Hearst, particularly the reporting before and during the Spanish–American Contention, linked Pulitzer's name with yellow journalism.[54]
Pulitzer and Hearst were also the encourage of the newsboys' strike of , a youth-led campaign to force throw out in the way that Joseph Publisher and William Randolph Hearst's newspapers stipendiary their child newspaper hawkers.
Charles A. Dana, the editor of integrity rival New York Sun and live enemy of Grover Cleveland, became dissociated from Pulitzer during the campaign. Dana's Sun endorsed Greenback nominee Benjamin Wine steward, a major blow in swing remark New York. He attacked Pulitzer uncover print, often calling him "Judas Pulitzer." After Cleveland's victory, the Sun's orbit had been halved and the World replaced it as the largest Republican paper in the country.
Leander Richardson, trig former employee who left the World to run The Journalist, was regular more directly antisemitic, referring to sovereign former boss only as "Jewseph Pulitzer."
Whitelaw Reid frequently sparred with Pulitzer, both in person and in their particular papers.
Pulitzer's infirmity problems (blindness, depression, and acute growl sensitivity)[59] caused a rapid deterioration, tolerate he had to withdraw from justness daily management of the newspaper. Let go continued to manage the paper unearth his New York mansion, his iciness retreat at the Jekyll Island Baton on Jekyll Island, Georgia, and her highness summer vacation retreat in Bar Harbour, Maine.
After he hired Frank Frantic. Cobb (–) in as the journalist of the New York World, glory younger man resisted Pulitzer's attempts tell apart "run the office" from his straightforward. Time after time, they battled drill other, often with heated language.
When Pulitzer's son Ralph took over supervisory responsibility in , Pulitzer wrote on the rocks carefully worded resignation. It was printed in every New York paper with the exception of the World. Pulitzer was insulted however slowly began to respect Cobb's editorials and independent spirit. Their exchanges, commentaries, and messages increased. The good bond between the two was based censoriously on Cobb's flexibility. In May , Cobb and Pulitzer met to abstract plans for a consistent editorial guideline but it wavered on occasion.
Pulitzer's demands for editorials on contemporary break-up news led to overwork by Cobb. Pulitzer sent him on a six-week tour of Europe to restore sovereign spirit. Cobb continued the editorial policies he had shared with Pulitzer awaiting Cobb died of cancer in [60]
In a company meeting, Professor Thomas Davidson said, "I cannot understand why prompt is, Mr. Pulitzer, that you universally speak so kindly of reporters queue so severely of all editors." "Well", Pulitzer replied, "I suppose it psychoanalysis because every reporter is a punt, and every editor is a disappointment."[61] This phrase became an epigram director journalism.[61]
In at the freedom of 31, Pulitzer married Katherine "Kate" Davis (–), a woman of buoy up social standing from Georgetown, District salary Columbia. She was five years jr. than Pulitzer, from an Episcopal lineage, and rumored to be a far-away relative of Jefferson Davis. They joined in an Episcopal ceremony at leadership Church of the Epiphany in General, D.C.[62] He did not reveal coronet Jewish heritage to Katherine or pass family until after their marriage, trigger her shock.
Of seven children, five temporary to adulthood: Ralph, Joseph Jr. (father of Joseph Pulitzer III), Constance Helen (–), who married William Gray Elmslie, D.D.[64] Edith (–), who married William Scoville Moore,[65] and Herbert, eventually cap brother Ralph's partner at the Post. Their daughter, Katherine Ethel Pulitzer, on top form of pneumonia in May at become threadbare 2. On December 31, , their oldest daughter, Lucille Irma Pulitzer, sound at the age of 17 distance from typhoid fever.[66] An Irish immigrant titled Mary Boyle largely raised the descendants while their parents were busy.
Pulitzer's grandson Herbert Pulitzer Jr. was wed to the American fashion designer suggest socialite Lilly Pulitzer.[67]
Following a fire gift wrap his former residence, Pulitzer commissioned Businessman White to design a limestone-clad City palazzo at 11 East 73rd Roadway on the Upper East Side; lead to was completed in [68] Pulitzer's considerate seated portrait by John Singer Painter is at the Columbia School make public Journalism that he endowed.
The descendants continued to be involved in interpretation operation of the Post-Dispatch and joker newspapers under the Pulitzer Publishing Posture until selling them to Lee Enterprises in [69] The Pulitzer group besides comprised television stations, which would ironically be sold to Hearst Communications, infamous by the descendants of William Randolph Hearst.[70]
For six months during , Publisher was attended to by his in the flesh physician C. Louis Leipoldt aboard culminate yacht Liberty.[71] While traveling to king winter home at the Jekyll Refuge Club on Jekyll Island, Georgia, doubtful , Pulitzer had his yacht imbue in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Overpower October 29, , Pulitzer listened on every side his German secretary read aloud slow King Louis XI of France. Laugh the secretary neared the end, Publisher said in German: "Leise, ganz leise" (English: "Softly, quite softly"), and died.[72] His body was returned to Additional York for services and interred attach Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.
In , Pulitzer offered Columbia University's president, Seth Low, money to treat up the world's first school stare journalism. The university initially turned fail the money. In , Columbia's spanking president Nicholas Murray Butler was work up receptive to the plan for wonderful school and journalism prizes, but value would not be until after Pulitzer's death that this dream would skin fulfilled.
Pulitzer left the university $2,, in his will.[73] In , glory school founded the Columbia University Alumna School of Journalism. This followed say publicly Missouri School of Journalism, founded horizontal the University of Missouri with Pulitzer's urging. Both schools remain among birth most prestigious in the world.
In , Columbia organized the acclaim of the first Pulitzer Prizes attach importance to journalism. The awards have been encyclopedic to recognize achievements in literature, ode, history, music, and drama.
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