Biography of Aphra Behn
Aphra Behn (; bapt. 14 December 1640 – 16 Apr 1689) was an English playwright, metrist, prose writer and translator from excellence Restoration era. As one of illustriousness first English women to earn set aside living by her writing, she indigent cultural barriers and served as smart literary role model for later generations of women authors. Rising from duskiness, she came to the notice announcement Charles II, who employed her brand a spy in Antwerp. Upon cook return to London and a undoubted brief stay in debtors' prison, she began writing for the stage. She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous libertines such as Bathroom Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote out of the sun the pastoral pseudonym Astrea. During rendering turbulent political times of the Bar Crisis, she wrote an epilogue brook prologue that brought her into statutory trouble; she thereafter devoted most allowance her writing to prose genres gain translations. A staunch supporter of glory Stuart line, she declined an proposition from Bishop Burnet to write top-hole welcoming poem to the new heart-breaking William III. She died shortly after.She is remembered in Virginia Woolf's Shipshape and bristol fashion Room of One's Own: "All squad together ought to let flowers melancholy upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but relatively appropriately, in Westminster Abbey, for launch was she who earned them glory right to speak their minds." Assembly grave is not included in prestige Poets' Corner but lies in class East Cloister near the steps admonition the church.Her best-known works are Oroonoko: or, the Royal Slave, sometimes declared as an early novel, and goodness play The Rover.
Life and work
Versions look up to her early life
Information regarding Behn's sure is scant, especially regarding her awkward years. This may be due nod intentional obscuring on Behn's part. Sidle version of Behn's life tells desert she was born to a in good named John Amis and his helpmeet Amy; she is occasionally referred exceed as Aphra Amis Behn. Another maverick has Behn born to a span named Cooper. The Histories and Novels of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1696) states that Behn was to Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, station Elizabeth Denham, a wet-nurse. Colonel Poet Colepeper, the only person who conjectural to have known her as nifty child, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "Sturry or Canterbury" to a Mr Johnson and put off she had a sister named Frances. Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote consider it Behn was born in Wye connect Kent, the "Daughter to a Barber". In some accounts the profile closing stages her father fits Eaffrey Johnson. Allowing not much is known about wise early childhood, one of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the ordinary religious upbringing at the time could have heavily influenced much of quota work. She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, her experiences in church were not of religious fervour, but rather than chances for her to explore bond sexual desires, desires that will following be shown through her plays. Underneath one of her last plays she writes, "I have been at rendering Chapel; and seen so many Beaus, such a Number of Plumeys, Rabid cou'd not tell which I shou'd look on the most...".
Education
Although Behn's pamphlets show some form of education, expenditure is not clear how she imitative the education that she did. Dull was somewhat taboo for women oral cavity the time to receive a comforting education, Janet Todd notes. Although any aristocratic girls in the past difficult to understand been able to receive some placement of education, that was most suspect not the case for Aphra Behn, based on the time she ephemeral. Self-tuition was practised by European body of men during the 17th century, but position relied on the parents to feeble that to happen. She most would-be spent time copying poems and badger writings, which not only inspired collect but educated her. It is transfer to note that Aphra was whimper alone in her quest of self-tuition during this time period, and nigh are other notable women, such by the same token the first female medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who made efforts to self-educate. In some of her plays, Aphra Behn shows disdain towards this Frankly ideal of not educating women officially. She also, though, seemed to be sure about that learning Greek and Latin, one of the classical languages at leadership time, was not as important chimpanzee many authors thought it to give somebody the job of. She may have been influenced do without another writer named Francis Kirkman who also lacked knowledge of Greek defeat Latin, who said "you shall call for find my English, Greek, here; faint hard cramping Words, such as drive stop you in the middle rot your Story to consider what run through meant by them...". Later in existence, Aphra would make similar gestures go up against ideas revolving around formal education.Behn was born during the buildup of decency English Civil War, a child inducing the political tensions of the hang on. One version of Behn's story has her travelling with a Bartholomew Writer to the small English colony in shape Surinam (later captured by the Dutch). He was said to die exaggerate the journey, with his wife move children spending some months in description country, though there is no substantiate of this. During this trip Behn said she met an African lackey leader, whose story formed the footing for one of her most celebrated works, Oroonoko. It is possible go she acted as a spy forecast the colony. There is little out-and-out evidence to confirm any one legend. In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself rendering position of narrator and her final biographer accepted the assumption that Behn was the daughter of the deputy general of Surinam, as in description story. There is little evidence put off this was the case, and no one of her contemporaries acknowledge any aristocratical status. There is also no bear out that Oroonoko existed as an candid person or that any such serf revolt, as is featured in greatness story, really happened.
Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has scratched herself out," and biographer Janet Todd noted that Behn "has span lethal combination of obscurity, secrecy opinion staginess which makes her an anxious fit for any narrative, speculative lowly factual. She is not so more a woman to be unmasked pass for an unending combination of masks". Attempt is notable that her name admiration not mentioned in tax or cathedral records. During her lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Wife Behn, agent 160 and Astrea.
Career
Shortly make something stand out her supposed return to England free yourself of Surinam in 1664, Behn may suppress married Johan Behn (also written despite the fact that Johann and John Behn). He haw have been a merchant of Teutonic or Dutch extraction, possibly from Metropolis. He died or the couple spaced soon after 1664; however, from that point the writer used "Mrs Behn" as her professional name.Behn may be blessed with had a Catholic upbringing. She promptly commented that she was "designed be a symbol of a nun," and the fact zigzag she had so many Catholic associations, such as Henry Neville who was later arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during the anti-Catholic fervour of the 1680s. She was a monarchist, and her sympathy seize the Stuarts, and particularly for ethics Catholic Duke of York may flaw demonstrated by her dedication of collect play The Second Part of glory Rover to him after he challenging been exiled for the second in advance. Behn was dedicated to the brand-new King Charles II. As political parties emerged during this time, Behn became a Tory supporter.By 1666, Behn difficult become attached to the court, god willing through the influence of Thomas Culpeper and other associates. The Second Anglo-Dutch War had broken out between England and the Netherlands in 1665, suggest she was recruited as a federal spy in Antwerp on behalf go together with King Charles II, possibly under nobility auspices of courtier Thomas Killigrew. That is the first well-documented account amazement have of her activities. Her have a passion for name is said to have archaic Astrea, a name under which she later published many of her belles-lettres. Her chief role was to allot an intimacy with William Scot, daughter of Thomas Scot, a regicide who had been executed in 1660. Excise was believed to be ready restrict become a spy in the Honestly service and to report on glory doings of the English exiles who were plotting against the King. Behn arrived in Bruges in July 1666, probably with two others, as Writer was wracked with plague and zeal. Behn's job was to turn Charge into a double agent, but in the matter of is evidence that Scot betrayed recede to the Dutch.Behn's exploits were party profitable, however; the cost of aliment shocked her, and she was formerly larboard unprepared. One month after arrival, she pawned her jewellery. King Charles was slow in paying (if he engender a feeling of at all), either for her advice or for her expenses whilst overseas. Money had to be borrowed fair that Behn could return to Author, where a year's petitioning of River for payment was unsuccessful. It haw be that she was never render by the crown. A warrant was issued for her arrest, but beside is no evidence it was served or that she went to house of correction for her debt, though apocryphally do business is often given as part make known her history.
Forced by debt and bunch up husband's death, Behn began to uncalledfor for the King's Company and influence Duke's Company players as a injunction. She had, however, written poetry persuade until this point. While she disintegration recorded to have written before she adopted her debt, John Palmer oral in a review of her entirety that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for unadorned livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge outsider starvation and a debtor's prison." Distinction theatres that had been closed go down Cromwell were now re-opening under River II, plays enjoying a revival. Get it wrong Charles II of England, prevailing ethics were reversed in the with it society of London. The King dependent with playwrights that poured scorn verification marriage and the idea of feel in love. Among the King's favourites was the Earl of Rochester Crapper Wilmot, who became famous for climax cynical libertinism.In 1613 Lady Elizabeth Cary had published The Tragedy of Miriam, in the 1650s Margaret Cavendish publicised two volumes of plays, and walk heavily 1663 a translation of Corneille's General by Katherine Philips was performed add on Dublin and London. Women had antediluvian excluded from performing on the universal stage before the English Civil Bloodshed, but in Restoration England professional discard played the women's parts. In 1668, plays by women began to aptitude staged in London.Behn's first play Interpretation Forc'd Marriage was a romantic seriocomedy on arranged marriages and was exhibit by the Duke's Company in Sep 1670. The performance ran for shake up nights, which was regarded as uncomplicated good run for an unknown hack. Six months later Behn's play Greatness Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Fiddle with, Behn used the play to memo on the harmful effects of laid marriages. Behn did not hide honesty fact that she was a girl, instead she made a point weekend away it. When in 1673 the Dorset Garden Theatre staged The Dutch Kept woman, critics sabotaged the play on decency grounds that the author was top-hole woman. Behn tackled the critics tendency on in Epistle to the Enchiridion. She argued that women had back number held back by their unjust brushoff from education, not their lack indicate ability. Critics of Behn were wanting with ammunition because of her let slip liaison with John Hoyle, a ac/dc lawyer who scandalised his contemporaries.After cook third play, The Dutch Lover, fruitless, Behn falls off the public draw up for three years. It is assumed that she went travelling again, god willing in her capacity as a undercover agent. She gradually moved towards comic scowl, which proved more commercially successful, heralding four plays in close succession. Get a move on 1676–77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp and The Rover. In early 1678 Sir Patient Fancy was published. That succession of box-office successes led fit in frequent attacks on Behn. She was attacked for her private life, distinction morality of her plays was moot and she was accused of plagiarising The Rover. Behn countered these general attacks in the prefaces of dismiss published plays. In the preface fit in Sir Patient Fancy she argued prowl she was being singled out owing to she was a woman, while spear playwrights were free to live depiction most scandalous lives and write filthy plays.By the late 1670s Behn was among the leading playwrights of England. During the 1670s and 1680s she was one of the most profitable playwrights in Britain, second only simulation Poet Laureate John Dryden. Her plays were staged frequently and attended by means of the King. Behn became friends check on notable writers of the day, with John Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Writer, Thomas Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, person in charge was acknowledged as a part chastisement the circle of the Earl do admin Rochester. The Rover became a drink to at the King's court.
Because Charles II had no heir a prolonged civil crisis ensued. Behn became heavily elaborate in the political debate about birth succession. Mass hysteria commenced as worry 1678 the rumoured Popish Plot implied the King should be replaced attain his Roman Catholic brother James. National parties developed, the Whigs wanted have knowledge of exclude James, while the Tories upfront not believe succession should be different in any way. Behn supported significance Tory position and in the combine years between 1681 and 1682 be shown five plays to discredit the Whigs. Behn often used her writings take upon yourself attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth... So tho' by different dogged the fever seize...in all 'tis suggestion and the same mad disease." That was Behn's reproach to parliament which had denied the king funds. Rendering London audience, mainly Tory sympathisers, anxious the plays in large numbers. Nevertheless a warrant was issued for Behn's arrest on the order of Article Charles II when she criticized Book Scott, Duke of Monmouth, the adulterine son of the King, in excellence epilogue to the anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia (1682). Charles II at last dissolved the Cavalier Parliament and Felon II succeeded him in 1685.
Final discretion and death
In her last four length of existence, Behn's health began to fail, charmed by poverty and debt, but she continued to write ferociously, though seize became increasingly hard for her inconspicuously hold a pen.As audience numbers declined, theatres staged mainly old works communication save costs. Nevertheless, Behn staged Goodness Luckey Chance in 1686. In receive to the criticism levelled at character play, she articulated a long accept passionate defence of women writers agreement the preface of the play just as it was published in the shadowing year. Her play The Emperor snatch the Moon was staged and accessible in 1687; it became one senior her longest-running plays.In the 1680s, she began to publish prose. Her primary prose work might have been honesty three-part Love-Letters Between a Nobleman champion His Sister, anonymously published between 1684 and 1687. The novels were lyrical by a contemporary scandal, which aphorism Lord Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley. At the relating to of publication, Love-Letters was very favourite and eventually went through more amaze 16 editions before 1800.She published quint prose works under her own name: La Montre: or, the Lover's Pocket watch (1686), The Fair Jilt (1688), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave (1688), Dignity History of the Nun (1689) elitist The Lucky Mistake (1689). Oroonoko, collect best-known prose work, was published little than a year before her fixate. It is the story of dignity enslaved Oroonoko and his love Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel barter Surinam twenty years earlier.She also translated from the French and Latin, announcement translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac. The two translations objection Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery go in for New Worlds (Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes), a popularisation of uranology written as a novel in top-hole form similar to her own outmoded, but with her new, religiously directed preface; and The History of Oracles (Histoire des Oracles). She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro. In her ending days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth and final book run through Abraham Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).
She died on 16 April 1689, and was buried vibrate the East Cloister of Westminster Nunnery. The inscription on her tombstone reads: "Here lies a Proof that Puns can never be Defence enough dispute Mortality." She was quoted as stating that she had led a "life dedicated to pleasure and poetry."
Legacy station re-evaluation
Following Behn's death, new female dramatists such as Delarivier Manley, Mary Receptacle, Susanna Centlivre and Catherine Trotter assumptive Behn as their most vital forebear, who opened up public space preventable women writers. Three posthumous collections quite a few her prose, including a number nominate previously unpublished pieces attributed to their way, were published by the bookseller Prophet Briscoe: The Histories and Novels avail yourself of the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1696), All the Histories and Novels Meant by the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1698) and Histories, Novels, and Translations Written by the Most Ingenious Wife. Behn (1700). Greer considers Briscoe assume have been an unreliable source splendid it's possible that not all a mixture of these works were written by Behn.Until the mid-20th century Behn was oft-times dismissed as a morally depraved subsidiary writer and her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed outright. Direct the 18th century her literary occupation was scandalised as lewd by Clocksmith Brown, William Wycherley, Richard Steele skull John Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned depiction famous lines "The stage how immediately does Astrea tread, Who fairly puts all characters to bed!". In description 19th century Mary Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh decided that Behn's writings were unfit to read, because they were corrupt and deplorable. Among the sporadic critics who believed that Behn was an important writer were Leigh Access, William Forsyth and William Henry Hudson.The life and times of Behn were recounted by a long line method biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Virginia Woolf, George Woodcock, William Itemize. Cameron and Frederick Link.Of Behn's big literary output only Oroonoko was honestly considered by literary scholars. This retain, published in 1688, is regarded chimpanzee one of the first abolitionist favour humanitarian novels published in the Honourably language. In 1696 it was tailor-made accoutred for the stage by Thomas Southerne and continuously performed throughout the Eighteenth century. In 1745 the novel was translated into French, going through sevener French editions. It is credited thanks to precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses go back to Inequality. Behn's prose work is badly acknowledged as having been important enter upon the development of the English novel.In 1915, Montague Summers, an author build up scholarly works on the English show of the 17th century, published efficient six-volume collection of her work, include hopes of rehabilitating her reputation. Summers was fiercely passionate about the weigh up of Behn and found himself pulchritudinous devoted to the appreciation of Seventeenth century literature.Since the 1970s Behn's intellectual works have been re-evaluated by meliorist critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as a significant female writer soak Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Commodore, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Dale Spender, Elaine Hobby leading Janet Todd. This led to nobleness reprinting of her works. The Trekker was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Letters betwixt a Nobleman and His Sisters was published again in 1987 and Interpretation Lucky Chance was reprinted in 1988. Felix Schelling wrote in The Metropolis History of English Literature, that she was "a very gifted woman, appreciative to write for bread in fleece age in which literature... catered by and large to the lowest and most reprobate of human inclinations," and that, "Her success depended upon her ability criticism write like a man." Edmund Gosse remarked that she was, "...the Martyr Sand of the Restoration".The criticism drug Behn's poetry focuses on the themes of gender, sexuality, femininity, pleasure, vital love. A feminist critique tends ordain focus on Behn's inclusion of feminine pleasure and sexuality in her rhyme, which was a radical concept benefit from the time she was writing. Prize her contemporary male libertines, she wrote freely about sex. In the terrible poem The Disappointment she wrote unadulterated comic account of male impotence give birth to a woman's perspective. Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms contend that greatness poem "playfully and wittily questions understood gender roles and the structures pay no attention to oppression which they support". One essayist, Alison Conway, views Behn as useful to the formation of modern accompany around the female gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects earlier the technologies of sexuality we carrying great weight associate were in place, which progression, in part, why she proves as follows hard to situate in the trajectories most familiar to us". Virginia Writer wrote, in A Room of One's Own:
All women together, ought to hire flowers fall upon the grave bargain Aphra Behn... for it was she who earned them the right tell off speak their minds... Behn proved saunter money could be made by expressions at the sacrifice, perhaps, of firm agreeable qualities; and so by pecking order writing became not merely a dream of folly and a distracted value but was of practical importance.
The emerge project of the Canterbury Commemoration Population is to raise a statue egg on Canterbury born Aphra Behn to murky in the city.
Works
Plays
The Forc'd Marriage (performed 1670; published 1671)
The Amorous Prince (1671)
The Dutch Lover (1673)
Abdelazer (performed 1676; obtainable 1677)
The Town-Fopp (1676)
The Debauchee (1677), authentic adaptation, attribution disputed
The Rover (1677)
The Fraudulent Bridegroom (1677), attribution disputed
Sir Patient Impact (1678)
The Feign'd Curtizans (1679)
The Young Depressing (performed 1679; published 1683)
The Revenge (1680), an adaptation, attribution disputed
The Second Locale of the Rover (performed 1680; publicized 1681)
The False Count (performed 1681; in print 1682)
The Roundheads (performed 1681; published 1682)
The City-Heiress (1682)
Like Father, Like Son (1682), lost play
Prologue and epilogue to anonymously published Romulus and Hersilia (1682)
The Luckey Chance (performed 1686; published 1687)
The King of the Moon (1687)Plays posthumously published
The Widdow Ranter (performed 1689; published 1690)
The Younger Brother, or, the Amorous Quit (1696)
Poetry collections
Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)
Miscellany, Being a Collection of Poems mass Several Hands (1685)
A Miscellany of Newfound Poems by Several Hands (1688)
Prose
Love-Letters Halfway a Nobleman and His Sister (1684–1687), published anonymously in three parts, provenance disputed
La Montre: or, the Lover's Chronometer (1686), loose translation/adaptation of a contemporary by Bonnecorse
The Fair Jilt (1688)
Oroonoko (1688)
The History of the Nun: or, magnanimity Fair Vow-Breaker (1689)
The Lucky Mistake (1689)Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed
The Adventure dressingdown the Black Lady
The Court of nobility King of Bantam
The Unfortunate Bride
The Ill-timed Happy Lady
The Unhappy Mistake
The Wandring Beauty
Translations
Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone to Paris", in John Dryden's and Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles (1680).
Paul Tallement: A Cruise to the Island of Love (1684), published with Poems upon Several Occasions. Translation of Voyage de l'isle d'amour.
La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Morality, or, Playwright Unmasqued (1685), published with Miscellany, Tutor a Collection of Poems by A number of Hands. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale (1675 edition)
Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Lover in Method (1688), published with A Miscellany dispense New Poems by Several Hands. Rendering of Le Second voyage de l'isle d'amour.
Fontenelle: The History of Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire des Oracles.
Fontenelle: Spruce up Discovery of New Worlds (1688). Transliteration of Entretiens sur la pluralité stilbesterol mondes (1688)
Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes club Castro, or, the Force of Affectionate Love (1688). Translation of Agnes spaced out Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)
Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books a selection of Plants (1689). Translation of the one-sixth book of Plantarum libri sex (1668).
In popular culture
Behn's life has been cut out for for the stage in the 2014 play Empress of the Moon: Prestige Lives of Aphra Behn by Chris Braak, and the 2015 play [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Cavort by Christopher VanderArk. She is reschedule of the characters in the 2010 play Or, by Liz Duffy President. Behn appears as a character pride Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Prince José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth other Gods of Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Invitation to a Funeral (1999), start Susanna Gregory’s "Blood On The Strand", and in Diana Norman's The Vizard Mask. She is referred to guess Patrick O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, a 2009 play about her life. The 2019 Big Finish Short Trip audio amusement The Astrea Conspiracy features Behn analogous The Doctor, voiced by actress Neve McIntosh. In recognition of her progressive role in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" tape tribute to notable women on U2's North American tour in 2017 summon the 30th anniversary of The Book Tree. In the 2022 novel Widowland by C. J. Carey one make stronger the widows refers to Behn because her role model for her profession as a writer, her independence survive her espionage activities.
Biographies and writings home-grown on her life
Duffy, Maureen (1977). Distinction Passionate Shepherdess. The first wholly learned new biography of Behn; the cheeriness to identify Behn's birth name.
Goreau, Angeline (1980). Reconstructing Aphra: a social autobiography of Aphra Behn. New York: Call up Press. ISBN 0-8037-7478-8.
Goreau, Angeline (1983). "Aphra Behn: A scandal to modesty (c. 1640–1689)". In Spender, Dale (ed.). Reformer theorists: Three centuries of key squad thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8–27. ISBN 0-394-53438-7.
Hughes, Derek (2001). The Theatre of Aphra Behn. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-76030-1.
Todd, Janet (1997). The Secret Life of Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2455-5. Most recent and comprehensively researched recapitulation of Behn, with new material delivery her life as a spy.
Janet Chemist, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life. ISBN 978-1-909572-06-5, 2017 Fentum Press, revised edition
Sackville-West, Vita (1927). Aphra Behn – Greatness Incomparable Astrea. Gerald Howe. A materialize of Behn more sympathetic and congratulatory than Woolf's.
Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Resist of One's Own. Only one intersect deals with Behn, but it served as a starting point for goodness feminist rediscovery of Behn's role.
Huntting, Poofter. "What Is Triumph in Love? involve a consideration of Aphra Behn".
Greer, Germaine (1995). Slip-Shod Sibyls. Two chapters pact with Aphra Behn with emphasis separation her character as a poet
Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Opinion, and Criticism. University of Virginia Conquer. ISBN 978-0813914435.
Hutchinson, John (1892). "Afra Behn" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–163.
Notes
References
Further reading
Todd, Janet. The Entireness of Aphra Behn. 7 vols. River State University Press, 1992–1996. (Currently maximum up-to-date edition of her collected works)
O'Donnell, Mary Ann. Aphra Behn: An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Variety. 2nd Edition. Ashgate, 2004.
Spencer, Jane. Aphra Behn's Afterlife. Oxford University Press. 2000.
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Platoon in the Arts, 1640–1830. e-journal adherented by the Aphra Behn Society obtain the University of South Florida. 2011–
Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: English women's writing 1649–88. University of Michigan 1989.
Lewcock, Dawn. Aphra Behn studies: More reckon seeing than hearing: Behn and description use of theatre. Ed. Todd, Janet. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.
Brockhaus, Cathrin, Aphra Behn und ihre Londoner Komödien: Perish Dramatikerin und ihr Werk im England des ausgehenden 17. Jahrhunderts, 1998.
Todd, Janet (1998). The critical fortunes of Aphra Behn. Columbia, SC: Camden House. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-1571131652.
Owens, W. R. (1996). Shakespeare, Aphra Behn, and the principle. New York: Routledge in association come together the Open University. ISBN 978-0415135757.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Behn, Aphra" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). City University Press.
Gosse, Edmund (1885). "Behn, Afra" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Encyclopedia of National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Gainor, J. Ellen, Stanton B. Garner, Jr., and Comedian Puchner. The Norton Anthology of Sight. ISBN 978-0393921519
Altaba-Artal, Dolors. Aphra Behn's Even-handedly Feminism: Wit and Satire, Susquehanna Organization Press, Selinsgrove, PA, 1999.
Hughes, Derek. Decency Cambridge Companion to Aphra Behn. Metropolis University Press. 2004.
Copeland, N. E. (2004). Staging gender in behn and centlivre: Women's comedy and the theatre. Ashgate
Wallace, David S. "The White Female by reason of Effigy and the Black Female in that Surrogate in Janet. Schaw's Journal dead weight a Lady of Quality and Jane Austen's Mansfield Park." Studies in goodness Literary Imagination, vol. 47, no. 2, 2014, pp. 117.
Trofimova, Violetta. "First Encounters of Europeans and Africans with Feral Americans in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko: Wan Woman, Black Prince and Noble Savages." SEDERI. Sociedad Española De Estudios Renacentistas Ingleses, vol. 28, no. 28, 2018, pp. 119–128
Holmesland, Oddvar. Utopian Negotiation: Aphra Behn & Margaret Cavendish. , 2013. Print.
Marshall, Alan. "Memorialls for Mrs Affora": Aphra Behn and the Restoration Cleverness World." Women's Writing : The Individual to Victorian Period, vol. 22, thumb. 1, 2015, pp. 13-33.
Dominique, Lyndon Enumerate. Imoinda's Shade: Marriage and the Someone Woman in Eighteenth-Century British Literature, 1759-1808. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012. Print.
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. "The Caribbean: From splendid Sea Basin to an Atlantic Network." The Southern Quarterly, vol. 55, ham-fisted. 4, 2018, pp. 196–206.
Alexander, William. Character history of women, from the original antiquity, to the present time; freehanded some account of almost every telling particular concerning that sex, among battle nations, ancient and modern. By William Alexander, M.D. In two volumes. ... Vol. 2, printed by J.A. Garner, for Messrs. S. Price, R. Drench, J. Potts, L. Flin, T. Hiker, W. Wilson, C. Jenkin, J. Exshaw, J. Beatty, L. White, M,DCC,LXXIX. [1779]. Eighteenth Century Collections Online, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CW0101002305/ECCO?u=maine_orono&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=b35feb3c&pg=1. Accessed 20 Sept. 2021.
Krueger, Misty, Diana Epelbaum, Shelby Johnson, Grace Gomashie, Pam Perkins, Ula L. Klein, Jennifer Golightly, Alexis McQuigge, Octavia Cox, and Victoria Barnett-Woods. Transatlantic Women Travelers, 1688–1843. , 2021. Internet resource.
Waller, Gary F. The Mortal Baroque in Early Modern English Literate Culture: From Mary Sidney to Aphra Behn. , 2020. Internet resource.
External links
Aphra Behn Online: Interactive Journal for Detachment in the Arts, 1640–1830
Quotations related brave Aphra Behn at Wikiquote
Media related disparage Aphra Behn at Wikimedia Commons
Works soak or about Aphra Beh at Wikisource
Works by Aphra Behn at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Aphra Behn combination Internet Archive
Works by Aphra Behn look down at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Aphra Behn profile at the BBC
Profile at Encyclopædia Britannica
Profile at the Poetry Foundation
Aphra Behn's Grave, Westminster Abbey
University of Adelaide autobiography and etexts Archived 28 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine (a origin for the list of works)
The Aphra Behn Society
The Aphra Behn Page
ABO: Common Journal for Women in the Study, 1640–1830 ISSN 2157-7129
Project Continua: Biography leverage Aphra Behn Project Continua is unmixed web-based multimedia resource dedicated to interpretation creation and preservation of women's mental history from the earliest surviving demonstrate into the 21st Century.
Write your comment about Aphra Behn