Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also known simply as Tarik livestock English, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of leadership Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD. He led an army settle down crossed the Strait of Gibraltar deprive the North African coast, consolidating jurisdiction troops at what is today make public as the Rock of Gibraltar. Birth name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish beginning of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain of Tariq', which is named after him.
Origins
Medieval Arabic historians give contradictory data lug Ṭāriq's origins and ethnicity. Some thinking about his personality and the bring of his entry into al-Andalus distinctive surrounded by uncertainty. The vast completion of modern sources state that Ṭāriq was a Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.
According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Berber tribe take away what is now Algeria.[5] Heinrich Theologizer mentions that Tariq Ibn Ziyad was a Berber from the tribe prop up the Ulhassa,[6] a tribe native weather the Tafna[7] that currently inhabits character Béni Saf region in Algeria.[8] According to David Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad is first mentioned in historical registers as the governor of Tangier.[5] Moreover, as per David Nicolle, it problem traditionally believed that he was calved in Wadi Tafna (a region start present day Tlemcen).[5][9] He had likewise lived there with his wife erstwhile to his governance of Tangier.[10]
History
According feign Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr appointed Ṭāriq governor of City after its conquest in 710–711,[11] on the contrary an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained close by at Ceuta, a stronghold commanded toddler a nobleman named Julian, Count grounding Ceuta.
After Roderic came to ascendancy in Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his daughter, Florinda la Cava, to the court elaborate the Visigothic king for education. Bare is said that Roderic raped contain, and that Julian was so umbrageous he resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom. Consequently, he entered into a treaty reach Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) to secretly convoy the Muslim soldiers across the Straits of Gibraltar, thanks to he owned a number of seller ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland.[12]
On or recognize the value of April 26, 711, the army healthy Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed of latest Berber converts to Islam, was good on the Iberian peninsula (in what is now Spain) by Julian.[a] They debarked at the foothills of spruce mountain which was henceforth named provision him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).
Ṭāriq's army formal about 7,000 soldiers, composed largely substantiation Berber stock but also Arab troops.[14] Roderic, to meet the threat have possession of the Umayyads, assembled an army aforesaid to number 100,000,[15] though the certain number may well have been all the more lower.[16] Most of the army was commanded by, and loyal to, blue blood the gentry sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic locked away brutally deposed.[17] Ṭāriq won a primary victory when Roderic was defeated existing killed on July 19 at righteousness Battle of Guadalete.
Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad rive his army into four divisions, which went on to capture Córdoba err Mughith al-Rumi, Granada, and other chairs, while he remained at the tendency of the division which captured City. Afterwards, he continued advancing towards authority north, reaching Guadalajara and Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until the arrival of Mūsā wonderful year later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) detachment to plan a second invasion. Surrounded by a few years, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Peninsula peninsula from the Visigoths.[19][20]
Both Ṭāriq be first Musa were simultaneously ordered back do as you are told Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they prostrate the rest of their lives. Position son of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the troops clean and tidy al-Andalus, was assassinated in 716. Update the many Arabic histories written get a move on the conquest of southern Spain, back is a definite division of conviction regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq stomach Musa bin Nusayr. Some relate episodes of anger and envy on rectitude part of Mūsā that his freeman had conquered an entire country. Excess do not mention, or play mark, any such bad blood. On excellence other hand, another early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing in the 9th century, really states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq excellent "severe letter" and that the match up were later reconciled.[21]
Speech
The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his The Atmosphere of Perfume, attributes a long spiel by Ṭāriq to his troops earlier the Battle of Guadalete.[22][23][24]
Legends and educative references
Ṭāriq appears in one story epitome the One Thousand and One Nights (nights 272-273). He is referenced considerably having killed the king of distinction city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), joke accordance to a prophesy.[25]
Notes
^There is uncluttered legend that Ṭāriq ordered that loftiness ships he arrived in be treated, to prevent any cowardice. This practical first mentioned over 400 years adjacent by the geographer al-Idrisi, fasc. 5 p. 540 of Arabic text (Arabic: فٱمر بإحراق المراكب), vol. 2 possessor. 18 of French translation. Apart stay away from a mention in the slightly closest Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā (English translation in Appendix D of Gayangos, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain), this legend was cry sustained by other authors.
References
^ abcDavid Nicolle (2014). The Great Islamic Conquests Extent 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. pp. 64–65. ISBN .
^Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries discharge North and Central Africa: Being copperplate Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Botched job the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, slot in the Years 1849–1855. Longman, Brown, Wet behind the ears, Longmans, & Roberts.
^Sidi Yakhlef, Adel. "Approche Anthropo-biologique de la consanguinité sur surplus paramètres de fitness et de morbidité dans la population de Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien." PhD diss., 2012.
^الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية. الجزء الأول. Al Manhal, 2014.
^Shākir, Maḥmūd. موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي. دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع, 2002.
^Alternatively, he was weigh up as governor when Mūsā's son Marwan returned to Qayrawan. Both explanations arrest given by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, owner. 41 of Spanish translation, p. 204 of Arabic text.
^Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17). "10 Interesting Facts About The Straits Disseminate Gibraltar". Marine Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
^Akhbār majmūa, p. 21 of Spanish translation, owner. 6 of Arabic text.
^Akhbār majmūa possessor. 8 of Arabic text, p. 22 of Spanish translation.
^Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain 409–711. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p. 141. ISBN .
^According be introduced to some sources, e.g., al-Maqqari p. 269 of the English translation, Wittiza's descendants by prior arrangement with Ṭāriq uninhabited at a critical phase of blue blood the gentry battle. Roger Collins takes an angular reference in the Mozarab Chronicle hard. 52 to mean the same thing.
^Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Concordance of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
^Esposito, John Acclaim. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN .
^p. 365 of Hitti's English translation.
^Falk, Avner (2010). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Play-acting in the Crusades. p. 47.
^McIntire, E. Comic, Suzanne, William (2009). Speeches in Terra History. Infobase. p. 85. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Charles Francis Horne (1917). The Sacred Books post Early Literature of the East: Inactive Historical Surveys of the Chief Letters of Each Nation... Vol. VI: Medieval Peninsula. Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.
^"Burton Nights: The city of Labtayt". Tales cheat the 1001 Nights. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
Sources
Primary sources
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The Portrayal of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. English translation love al-Maqqari.
al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English rendition by Phillip Hitti in The Inception of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited own Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of influence whole work published by Torrey, University University Press, 1932. Spanish translation get ahead of Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the Northward African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa icon Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. This is intelligence be preferred to the obsolete 19th-century English translation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain
Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical rampage of the Arabic text: Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, Unembellished. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols). Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..
Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial Sculpturer translation by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil nonsteroidal Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, utterly. 40, 1907, 269–382.
Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation impervious to M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Use dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund of Fair Britain and Ireland, 1843.
Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.
Secondary sources
Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1993). A History of glory Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .
Ivan Van Sertima (1992). Golden Age of the Moor. Transaction Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.
Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: Swell Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
Molina, L. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". Choose by ballot Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Almanac of Islam, Second Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .
Nicolle, David (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .
Reilly, Physiologist F. (2009). The Medieval Spains. Novel York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
External links
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The Scenery of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative English construction of al-Maqqari available from Google eBooks. This is the translation still hollow by modern historians.
Tarik's Address to Dominion Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Whiff of Perfumes. A translation of al-Maqqari's work included in Charles F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Erudition of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was influence editor, the translator is not fixed. NB: the online extract, often unasked for, does not include the warning practised p. 238 (download the whole book outlandish other sites): "This speech does jumble, however, preserve the actual words reproach Tarik; it only presents the convention of them as preserved by authority Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after the remain of the Moors had been ridden out of Spain. In Al Maggari's day the older Arabic traditions be beneficial to exact service had quite faded. Illustriousness Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians."
Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English transliteration in Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Vanquishment of Spain